What is coaching?
Ronald Meijers, of the Executive Board of Krauthammer, is a board-level coach.
He says:
“’Coaching’ is awash with terminology.
We define it – and we speak of observable behaviour - as personalized guidance, which usually takes place in a face-to-face meeting.
The objective is to simultaneously boost personal performance and personal growth.
The coachee has a ‘no escape’ and confidential relationship with a guide who diligently confronts, stimulates, irritates and instructs. Change may take us out of our comfort zone – beyond, even - into the ‘panic zone’. So trust is a pre-requisite.
The coach must have absolute integrity and positivity, toughness and compassion. The priority is to build on strengths and create meaningful results.”
Philippe Bazin, a Senior Consultant at Krauthammer and author of ‘Le Petit Manuel d’Auto-Coaching’ adds:
“In the most important steps in our growth process, we can imagine we have no choice, that circumstances dictate our actions.
The coach’s role is to help the coachee to re-acquire his or her sense of responsibility, to show and open up the possible options.
The transformational power of coaching lies in a vital notion intimately linked to our humanity – responsible freedom.”
Coaching types and audiences
The Coaching and Mentoring Network in the UK helpfully synthesises common coaching types: business, executive, performance, skills and finally, personal coaching), with clear descriptions.
Krauthammer expresses its practice as follows:
- Boardroom coaching for top managers and partners;
senior sparring partners bring strategic and behavioural strengths to the table
- Top team coaching for a team of top managers/partners
simultaneously coached as part of a culture change or strategic re-orientation programme
- Executive coaching for senior managers and professionals
to raise an individual’s performance
- Implementation coaching for senior managers/professionals
training and facilitation as part of a crucial organisational initiative.
The 3 phased coaching model
The Krauthammer coaching faculty, part of Krauthammer University, has developed a ‘3 phased coaching model’ setting out the main steps in a coaching approach relative to the maturity of the coachee and his or her needs.
By maturity, we mean ‘competence’, rather than age or hierarchical position - although the two should correlate.
Here we map the maturity levels of coachees, to correctly pitch the coaching process, achieving maximum impact (with minimum frustration and wastage).
| |
| |
I Transactional |
II Transformational |
III Autogenic |
| |
| Definition |
Supervising
performance |
Facilitating growth |
Unfreezing
potential |
|
| Goal |
Help to perform
a task |
Creating conditions
for a change |
Learning to
learn |
|
| Focus |
Acquisition of
skills |
Development of
personnal leadership |
Mastery of
self-coaching |
|
| Need |
Achieve ‘B’ |
Change from
‘A’ to ‘B’ |
Discover a new
‘A’ to ‘B’ |
|
| Expectations |
Explicit |
Implicit |
Dormant |
|
| Time scale |
Short term |
Mid term |
Long term |
|
Example
Angela is a senior financial manager whose new role extends to human resources management.
Transactional coaching will help her acquire the skills related to her new specialism.
She has hands-on line management experience, but now manages a remote international team. Here, she needs transformational coaching in some communication skills, (her empathy over the telephone needs development).
Her ability to assimilate and contribute to strategic complexity is high, however. Autogenic coaching – learning how to coach herself to the next level – will liberate her potential.

How to ensure impact coaching?
The top 8...
- Know - and act upon - the fact that there is a business case for coaching even at boardroom level and that employees expect to see it
- Ensure that coaching matches maturity – we define 3 levels...
- Ensure the training of your coach or coaches has included live observation of their ability
- Ensure that your coach or coaches possess the self-discipline to honour their role of guide and facilitator (rather than ‘director’)
- Ensure your coach is fit for the role by receiving regular coaching
- Ask and answer vital questions with regard to meaning, willingness and ability
- Ensure that the ‘problem’ rather than merely its ‘symptoms’ has been correctly - and compassionately - framed
- Install the concept of the ‘manager-coach’ in your organisation - identify what can be delegated, to whom, and why.

Choosing an external coach
Whatever your objectives in seeking a coach, or your choice of partner, we propose the following pre-requisites:
- Self-discipline. The coach is a guide – a facilitator.
- ‘Being’. Integrity and exemplarity are cornerstones of a coach’s credibility.
- ‘Thinking’. How the coach gathers and processes information.
- ‘Acting’. Coachees demand from a coach that he or she listens actively...
Some of these elements may seem contradictory – providing a clue as to why a talented coach is such a rare species and why rigorous training and ongoing perfection and feedback are essential. So the coach, whose first task is to ‘know him or herself’ has the responsibility to be fit for the role, seeking and taking on board the feedback of coachees, peers, and his or her own coach.
The output
Thanks to this rich tapestry of attributes the coachee will experience the following 6 forms of output from his or her coach.
In what ways could you, your coach or coaching potentials, apply these perspectives?
|
Individualises
|
Empathises
|
Expresses
|
|
Engages
|
Contextualises
|
Interconnects
|
The coach/coachee relationship
“Trust means making yourself vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action that is important to you”
Dr Fréderique Six, quoted in ‘Trust and Trouble’ Krauthammer, November 2003
Trust is the cornerstone of coaching. As well as all the aforementioned qualities, trust is built upon good chemistry, the commitment of both parties to process and outcome, a clear sense of mutual benevolence - being valued as an individual – (‘seeing the individual behind the behaviour’) and sincerity.
Pre-requisites
Self-discipline. The coach is a guide – a facilitator.
Guiding, (as opposed to directing), demands high self-discipline – impulse control. So the coach seeks the feedback of the coachee, taking it into account, encourages the coachee to express him or herself fully, spontaneously self-questions and admits mistakes, responding to objections with well-put questions. New research by Krauthammer indicates that employees seek such behaviour from their managers – and by association, from coaches. Obvious? The research highlights serious gaps between the behaviour employees seek, and what they actually experience. Self-discipline is difficult.
‘Being’ In terms of core attributes, integrity and exemplarity are cornerstones of a coach’s credibility.
Compassion is essential, too, blended with the courage to face and communicate tough observations using ‘positive confrontation’. Useful too is a certain charisma. Finally the coach must be available. This means installing - and respecting – the space for coaching sessions and ongoing contact – and that during these, the coach is engaged and alert.
‘Thinking’ How the coach gathers and processes information.
We propose a blend of analytical skill, the ability to install structure, with an ever-present focus on the goal. The coach must be perceptive - detecting what is hidden, and creative, thinking laterally, uniting contradictory information, recognising patterns, hypothesising with the coachee in a compelling way, transforming insights into pragmatic solutions. Furthermore the coach must contextualise and interconnect – taking into account the environmental factors of the coachee – (mapping his or her stakeholders, linking the coaching to organisational or departmental strategy, taking, for example, a systemic approach). A gift for self-expression is vital, handling language with sense and meaning, resonating with the coachee.
‘Acting’ As we see, coachees demand from a coach that he or she listens actively, taking verbal and physical signals into account, detecting hidden messages, probing with relevant open-ended questions.
Acknowledgement of a coachee’s message, act, or progress, is vital – as is praise. A pragmatic approach translates into the act of making actions and resolutions concrete. Finally, the coach is a motivator – helping the coachee to recall the big benefit at hand and to resource him or herself, especially in the face of difficult feedback, or slow results.

How can we frame and structure a coaching process to maximum effect?
Three conditions are essential to kick-off a coaching process:
- the company’s awareness of the stakes with regard to an individual,
- the individual’s awareness of his or her challenges,
- the choice of coach.
Defining the problem.
The craft of uncovering the real problem – the journey from symptoms to causes, questioning assumptions, synthesising conflicting insights into an accurately defined ‘problem’ or ‘diagnosis’ distinguishes a master coach from an apprentice.
Our image of reality is unique to us and dictates our behaviour (our ‘filter’). As preconditions for successful coaching, three ‘filters’ are active; related to meaning, willingness, and ability.
Meaning.
Coach and coachee ask themselves: ‘do I know and understand the aim of this?’ As for a GPS system, an aim demands a point of departure – a clear picture of the current actual situation. Most difficult to evaluate – and most common - is behavioural competence. Many tools can help here
Willingness.
The coach asks him or herself: ‘do I really want him or her to succeed?’, asking the coachee: ‘do you really want to do this?’ Supporting ‘wanting’ is also ‘enjoyment’. Coaching should be an inspiring co-production, rather than a stultifying and solitary journey.
Ability.
The coach asks him or herself: ‘Does he or she have all the means to do this?’ Is the current actual situation clear enough for a good roadmap? Are we truly available? (Eg: are monthly sessions planned?) Next, the coach asks the coachee: ‘Are you able to do it?’ To what extent has the belief: ‘I don’t believe this shift is possible’ become a resolution: ‘I know it is possible, and I already have a fair idea of the action I need to take’. Knowledge which will be refined and enriched over time.
From these three questions comes another:
Do we agree that the challenge is...?
On the basis of this final ‘diagnosis’ we now find solutions. For example, how will the coachee ‘act his or her way into a new way of thinking’? If Anne has difficulty managing her time, how can she concretely change the reflexes associated with her belief that ‘everything must be done yesterday’?
Using the empowering ‘what do you propose?’ method, coach and coachee now find answers related to the questions of meaning, willingness, and ability.
Related to meaning is the act of determining the coachee’s challenges. This demands concrete and mutually agreed objective-setting – giving sense to the action. How operationally this is done depends upon the coachee’s ability to self-coach – (‘three phased coaching model’).
Agreeing on
an observable
metric |
Directly
linked to daily
activities |
Problem
and obstacle
focussed |
Relevant
to a given
criterium |
Measurable
and
controllable |
Related to willingness - is the act of defining the desired future state of the coachee, its benefits, how it might feel. The coach reminds the coachee of the values and principles of their relationship – for example, if a value is ‘we express our needs’ one principle could be that the coachee should ‘raise his or her hand’ if blocked.
Related to ability - both coach and coachee must be clear of the responsibilities each has. The responsibility of the coach is to guide and to help – ensuring he or she is available and competent to ‘fi nish what we started’. An important point - especially if the coach is also the coachee’s manager. The coachee’s responsibility is to fully commit to putting the best of him or herself into the process - keeping an open mind.
Answering these three questions leads to two benefits – installing the positive inner attitude of the coachee – the ‘can do’ belief, and conditions under which both parties can work on the strong points of the coachee.
We finally install a ‘concrete incentive for movement’ – and with it, action. Regular ‘evolution sessions’ allow both parties to review successes, take resolutions on how to build on these, share images of strong points and points for improvement, and revisit objectives. Both parties ensure the process stays on track, securing help, and creating new ‘movements’ or actions.
Find out more about Krauthammer driving principles of the coaching process

Coaching tools
Tools such as 361° analysis are recommended and offered by Krauthammer in the initial phase of the intervention, and after.
- The ‘Self-Piloting Dialogue Approach’ comprises a list of self-created questions (we provide a toolbox of 40 examples), a list of minimum 8 trusted advisors from 3 different categories (N+1, N and N-1). The coachee invites and interviews. Then after having answered the questions him or herself, s/he creates a synthesis for the trusted advisors and the coach.
- Our ‘4LS evaluation’ benchmarks the observable behaviour of training participants through the window of 64 management and leadership competencies. Each competency is declined into four 4 observable descriptions - organised according to 4 levels of functionality – ‘disqualifying’, ‘penalising’, ‘operable’ and ‘exemplary’.
- Finally the Krauthammer assessment centre, in English, French and Dutch, is a live observation platform conducted at Krauthammer premises, using situational scenarios to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the coachee.